I think the point to consider here is, let’s assume the charger can supply sufficient amount of power, and the device or load can use more power.
Back to your question, I think micro-USB cables are generally limited to around 2.4Amps of current without too much voltage sag.
Whereas depending on the type of USB-type-C cable, they are generally rated to transmit at least 3 Amps (a poor quality USB-C will be less), but there are several other types of USB-C that can transmit higher amount of current (5Amps), and at higher voltage, eg. 20volts at 5Amp = 100 watts. (I recall reading a new USB-C standard that can transmit up to 240 watts of power).
Micro-USB are usually limited to 5v/2.4A or 5v/3A (15 watts), or 9v/2A or 12v/1.5A (18 watts) max. Although I’m no expert here, and mentioning just based on what I notice and based on my own limited experience (I have several USB meters to check though).