“Primary side fuse” requirement ?
There isn’t one, AFAIK. Very few of my gadgets and appliances have such a thing.
E.g. here in the UK we have a rather unique, and technically horrible mains wiring method using ring mains, conceived in a period of austerity and materials shortages.
However it means that you can typically draw at least 30 Amps from a 240V socket (rated for 13A), as long as it is in the ring, not a spur off it, which is handy if you use an electric welder. As long as the ring is intact (which is a tricky thing to test properly, and there is no requirement to ever do so, until you sell your property.)
Our ring mains are fused, mostly with fuse wire, (or nowadays use re-settable trips) back at the “consumer unit”, at 30A. This fuse is simply to protect the house wiring. Which is only good for 15A, but because it is in a ring, capable of 30A.
We can have many “13A” sockets in the ring, however the ring is only good for 30A total, if in good condition. Which doesn’t stop people plugging in e.g. multiple 3kW heaters, 3kW electric kettles, etc. and somehow it mostly works. A really bad sign is if you have a lamp plugged in, and it dims when you turn the kettle on, or a particular socket gets hot (probable ring break).
So, in the UK, the primary fuse is in the mains plug (another horrible piece of design), and comes in various sizes. However it is common, if one blows, for the uneducated user to replace the correct smaller size one with a 13A one, because they are the most commonly used.
Important life-skills in the UK: how to wire a plug, change a fuse (and choose the correct sized one).
Our plug design is so horrible that re-wirable ones are now illegal on new domestic appliances, they have to be permanently moulded on, which give e.g. kitchen fitters all sorts of problems, when, if they were allowed to just snip them off, thread the cable through, then screw on another one, it would be so much easier. But, to be allowed to screw on a new plug, commercially, requires electrical qualifications.
They also had to be re-designed to incorporate insulation on the upper part of the pins, because small (childrens’) fingers could touch them as they were being inserted.
Other EU countries typically wire each mains socket individually back to a much larger consumer unit, and have individual trips for each outlet.
Their plugs do not contain a fuse. Nor are easily replaceable by consumers. Nevertheless the result is the same, there is a fuse in the primary circuit.
I have no idea how it works in 110V nations.
But, going back to my 110V hairdryer in a UK socket, using a cheap, commonly available, possibly illegal, un-fused travel adapter sold at airports etc., example, it rarely ends well for the hair dryer. Fortunately manufacturers seem to recognise this, and most fit one-time non-replaceable thermal fuses.
Based on an acquaintance with someone who runs an upmarket B+B with USA clientèle, and has had to deal with the consequences, sometimes even tripping out the whole floor, never mind the local disaster area.
I’ve no idea what the wiring regulations are in AUS, but I suspect that something, somewhere external to the device, should have tripped/blown as soon as that thing, predictably, shorted out. If his workshop was wired correctly.